diff --git a/src/curl.h b/src/curl.h
index 013910c..abba679 100644
--- a/src/curl.h
+++ b/src/curl.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <string>
+#include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common.h"
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ class S3fsCurl
         std::string          query_string;         // request query string
         Semaphore            *sem;
         std::mutex           *completed_tids_lock;
-        std::vector<pthread_t> *completed_tids;
+        std::vector<std::thread::id> *completed_tids;
         s3fscurl_lazy_setup  fpLazySetup;          // curl options for lazy setting function
         CURLcode             curlCode;             // handle curl return
 
diff --git a/src/curl_multi.cpp b/src/curl_multi.cpp
index e2a156c..e2bee26 100644
--- a/src/curl_multi.cpp
+++ b/src/curl_multi.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cerrno>
+#include <future>
+#include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "s3fs.h"
@@ -112,14 +114,12 @@ bool S3fsMultiCurl::SetS3fsCurlObject(std::unique_ptr<S3fsCurl> s3fscurl)
 
 int S3fsMultiCurl::MultiPerform()
 {
-    std::vector<pthread_t>   threads;
+    std::map<std::thread::id, std::pair<std::thread, std::future<int>>> threads;
     bool                     success = true;
     bool                     isMultiHead = false;
     Semaphore                sem(GetMaxParallelism());
-    int                      rc;
 
     for(s3fscurllist_t::iterator iter = clist_req.begin(); iter != clist_req.end(); ++iter) {
-        pthread_t   thread;
         S3fsCurl*   s3fscurl = iter->get();
         if(!s3fscurl){
             continue;
@@ -129,19 +129,14 @@ int S3fsMultiCurl::MultiPerform()
 
         {
             const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(completed_tids_lock);
-            for(std::vector<pthread_t>::iterator it = completed_tids.begin(); it != completed_tids.end(); ++it){
-                void*   retval;
-    
-                rc = pthread_join(*it, &retval);
-                if (rc) {
-                    success = false;
-                    S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed pthread_join - rc(%d) %s", rc, strerror(rc));
-                } else {
-                    long int_retval = reinterpret_cast<long>(retval);
-                    if (int_retval && !(int_retval == -ENOENT && isMultiHead)) {
-                        S3FS_PRN_WARN("thread terminated with non-zero return code: %ld", int_retval);
-                    }
+            for(const auto &thread_id : completed_tids){
+                auto it = threads.find(thread_id);
+                it->second.first.join();
+                long int int_retval = it->second.second.get();
+                if (int_retval && !(int_retval == -ENOENT && isMultiHead)) {
+                    S3FS_PRN_WARN("thread terminated with non-zero return code: %ld", int_retval);
                 }
+                threads.erase(it);
             }
             completed_tids.clear();
         }
@@ -151,13 +146,11 @@ int S3fsMultiCurl::MultiPerform()
 
         isMultiHead |= s3fscurl->GetOp() == "HEAD";
 
-        rc = pthread_create(&thread, nullptr, S3fsMultiCurl::RequestPerformWrapper, static_cast<void*>(s3fscurl));
-        if (rc != 0) {
-            success = false;
-            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed pthread_create - rc(%d)", rc);
-            break;
-        }
-        threads.push_back(thread);
+        std::promise<int> promise;
+        std::future<int> future = promise.get_future();
+        std::thread thread(S3fsMultiCurl::RequestPerformWrapper, s3fscurl, std::move(promise));
+        auto thread_id = thread.get_id();
+        threads.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(thread_id), std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(thread), std::move(future)));
     }
 
     for(int i = 0; i < sem.get_value(); ++i){
@@ -165,19 +158,14 @@ int S3fsMultiCurl::MultiPerform()
     }
 
     const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(completed_tids_lock);
-    for (std::vector<pthread_t>::iterator titer = completed_tids.begin(); titer != completed_tids.end(); ++titer) {
-        void*   retval;
-
-        rc = pthread_join(*titer, &retval);
-        if (rc) {
-            success = false;
-            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed pthread_join - rc(%d)", rc);
-        } else {
-            long int_retval = reinterpret_cast<long>(retval);
-            if (int_retval && !(int_retval == -ENOENT && isMultiHead)) {
-                S3FS_PRN_WARN("thread terminated with non-zero return code: %ld", int_retval);
-            }
+    for(const auto &thread_id : completed_tids){
+        auto it = threads.find(thread_id);
+        it->second.first.join();
+        long int int_retval = it->second.second.get();
+        if (int_retval && !(int_retval == -ENOENT && isMultiHead)) {
+            S3FS_PRN_WARN("thread terminated with non-zero return code: %ld", int_retval);
         }
+        threads.erase(it);
     }
     completed_tids.clear();
 
@@ -343,30 +331,31 @@ int S3fsMultiCurl::Request()
 //
 // thread function for performing an S3fsCurl request
 //
-void* S3fsMultiCurl::RequestPerformWrapper(void* arg)
+void S3fsMultiCurl::RequestPerformWrapper(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl, std::promise<int> promise)
 {
-    S3fsCurl* s3fscurl= static_cast<S3fsCurl*>(arg);
-    void*     result  = nullptr;
+    int result = 0;
     if(!s3fscurl){
-        return reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<intptr_t>(-EIO));
+        // this doesn't signal completion but also never happens
+        promise.set_value(-EIO);
+        return;
     }
     if(s3fscurl->fpLazySetup){
         if(!s3fscurl->fpLazySetup(s3fscurl)){
             S3FS_PRN_ERR("Failed to lazy setup, then respond EIO.");
-            result  = reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<intptr_t>(-EIO));
+            result = -EIO;
         }
     }
 
     if(!result){
-        result = reinterpret_cast<void*>(static_cast<intptr_t>(s3fscurl->RequestPerform()));
+        result = s3fscurl->RequestPerform();
         s3fscurl->DestroyCurlHandle(true, false);
     }
 
     const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(*s3fscurl->completed_tids_lock);
-    s3fscurl->completed_tids->push_back(pthread_self());
+    s3fscurl->completed_tids->push_back(std::this_thread::get_id());
     s3fscurl->sem->post();
 
-    return result;
+    promise.set_value(result);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/curl_multi.h b/src/curl_multi.h
index 5ba94e8..d62f6a7 100644
--- a/src/curl_multi.h
+++ b/src/curl_multi.h
@@ -21,8 +21,10 @@
 #ifndef S3FS_CURL_MULTI_H_
 #define S3FS_CURL_MULTI_H_
 
+#include <future>
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
+#include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
 //----------------------------------------------
@@ -54,14 +56,14 @@ class S3fsMultiCurl
         void*                      pNotFoundCallbackParam;
 
         std::mutex completed_tids_lock;
-        std::vector<pthread_t> completed_tids;
+        std::vector<std::thread::id> completed_tids;
 
     private:
         bool ClearEx(bool is_all);
         int MultiPerform();
         int MultiRead();
 
-        static void* RequestPerformWrapper(void* arg);
+        static void RequestPerformWrapper(S3fsCurl* s3fscurl, std::promise<int> promise);
 
     public:
         explicit S3fsMultiCurl(int maxParallelism, bool not_abort = false);
diff --git a/src/gnutls_auth.cpp b/src/gnutls_auth.cpp
index 36d8395..b77b3cd 100644
--- a/src/gnutls_auth.cpp
+++ b/src/gnutls_auth.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
-#include <pthread.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <syslog.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
diff --git a/src/nss_auth.cpp b/src/nss_auth.cpp
index a8fc5ca..4f8d8ca 100644
--- a/src/nss_auth.cpp
+++ b/src/nss_auth.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
-#include <pthread.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <syslog.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
diff --git a/src/openssl_auth.cpp b/src/openssl_auth.cpp
index 885a020..680d632 100644
--- a/src/openssl_auth.cpp
+++ b/src/openssl_auth.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <pthread.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <openssl/evp.h>
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@
 #include <openssl/md5.h>
 #include <openssl/crypto.h>
 #include <openssl/err.h>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include "s3fs_auth.h"
 #include "s3fs_logger.h"
@@ -99,9 +99,7 @@ static void s3fs_crypt_mutex_lock(int mode, int pos, const char* file, int line)
 static unsigned long s3fs_crypt_get_threadid() __attribute__ ((unused));
 static unsigned long s3fs_crypt_get_threadid()
 {
-    // For FreeBSD etc, some system's pthread_t is structure pointer.
-    // Then we use cast like C style(not C++) instead of ifdef.
-    return (unsigned long)(pthread_self());
+    return static_cast<unsigned long>(std::hash<std::thread::id>()(std::this_thread::get_id()));
 }
 
 static struct CRYPTO_dynlock_value* s3fs_dyn_crypt_mutex(const char* file, int line) __attribute__ ((unused));
diff --git a/src/sighandlers.cpp b/src/sighandlers.cpp
index d193269..432925f 100644
--- a/src/sighandlers.cpp
+++ b/src/sighandlers.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <csignal>
-#include <pthread.h>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include "s3fs_logger.h"
 #include "sighandlers.h"
@@ -86,14 +86,13 @@ bool S3fsSignals::SetUsr1Handler(const char* path)
     return true;
 }
 
-void* S3fsSignals::CheckCacheWorker(void* arg)
+void S3fsSignals::CheckCacheWorker(Semaphore* pSem)
 {
-    Semaphore* pSem   = static_cast<Semaphore*>(arg);
     if(!pSem){
-        pthread_exit(nullptr);
+        return;
     }
     if(!S3fsSignals::enableUsr1){
-        pthread_exit(nullptr);
+        return;
     }
 
     // wait and loop
@@ -117,7 +116,6 @@ void* S3fsSignals::CheckCacheWorker(void* arg)
             pSem->wait();
         }
     }
-    return nullptr;
 }
 
 void S3fsSignals::HandlerUSR2(int sig)
@@ -195,15 +193,9 @@ bool S3fsSignals::InitUsr1Handler()
     }
 
     // create thread
-    int result;
     std::unique_ptr<Semaphore> pSemUsr1_tmp(new Semaphore(0));
-    std::unique_ptr<pthread_t> pThreadUsr1_tmp(new pthread_t);
-    if(0 != (result = pthread_create(pThreadUsr1.get(), nullptr, S3fsSignals::CheckCacheWorker, static_cast<void*>(pSemUsr1_tmp.get())))){
-        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not create thread for SIGUSR1 by %d", result);
-        return false;
-    }
+    pThreadUsr1.reset(new std::thread(S3fsSignals::CheckCacheWorker, pSemUsr1_tmp.get()));
     pSemUsr1 = std::move(pSemUsr1_tmp);
-    pThreadUsr1 = std::move(pThreadUsr1_tmp);
 
     // set handler
     struct sigaction sa{};
@@ -230,12 +222,7 @@ bool S3fsSignals::DestroyUsr1Handler()
     pSemUsr1->post();
 
     // wait for thread exiting
-    void* retval = nullptr;
-    int   result;
-    if(0 != (result = pthread_join(*pThreadUsr1, &retval))){
-        S3FS_PRN_ERR("Could not stop thread for SIGUSR1 by %d", result);
-        return false;
-    }
+    pThreadUsr1->join();
     pSemUsr1.reset();
     pThreadUsr1.reset();
 
diff --git a/src/sighandlers.h b/src/sighandlers.h
index 4f8c74a..0c5b23e 100644
--- a/src/sighandlers.h
+++ b/src/sighandlers.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #define S3FS_SIGHANDLERS_H_
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <thread>
 
 class Semaphore;
 
@@ -34,14 +35,14 @@ class S3fsSignals
         static std::unique_ptr<S3fsSignals> pSingleton;
         static bool         enableUsr1;
 
-        std::unique_ptr<pthread_t> pThreadUsr1;
+        std::unique_ptr<std::thread> pThreadUsr1;
         std::unique_ptr<Semaphore> pSemUsr1;
 
     protected:
         static S3fsSignals* get() { return pSingleton.get(); }
 
         static void HandlerUSR1(int sig);
-        static void* CheckCacheWorker(void* arg);
+        static void CheckCacheWorker(Semaphore* pSem);
 
         static void HandlerUSR2(int sig);
         static bool InitUsr2Handler();
diff --git a/src/threadpoolman.cpp b/src/threadpoolman.cpp
index 4fe5132..4059084 100644
--- a/src/threadpoolman.cpp
+++ b/src/threadpoolman.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <future>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include "s3fs_logger.h"
 #include "threadpoolman.h"
@@ -64,13 +66,12 @@ bool ThreadPoolMan::Instruct(const thpoolman_param& param)
 //
 // Thread worker
 //
-void* ThreadPoolMan::Worker(void* arg)
+void ThreadPoolMan::Worker(ThreadPoolMan* psingleton, std::promise<int> promise)
 {
-    ThreadPoolMan* psingleton = static_cast<ThreadPoolMan*>(arg);
-
     if(!psingleton){
         S3FS_PRN_ERR("The parameter for worker thread is invalid.");
-        return reinterpret_cast<void*>(-EIO);
+        promise.set_value(-EIO);
+        return;
     }
     S3FS_PRN_INFO3("Start worker thread in ThreadPoolMan.");
 
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ void* ThreadPoolMan::Worker(void* arg)
         }
     }
 
-    return nullptr;
+    promise.set_value(0);
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------
@@ -158,14 +159,10 @@ bool ThreadPoolMan::StopThreads()
     }
 
     // wait for threads exiting
-    for(thread_list_t::const_iterator iter = thread_list.begin(); iter != thread_list.end(); ++iter){
-        void* retval = nullptr;
-        int   result = pthread_join(*iter, &retval);
-        if(result){
-            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed pthread_join - result(%d)", result);
-        }else{
-            S3FS_PRN_DBG("succeed pthread_join - return code(%ld)", reinterpret_cast<long>(retval));
-        }
+    for(auto& pair : thread_list){
+        pair.first.join();
+        long retval = pair.second.get();
+        S3FS_PRN_DBG("join succeeded - return code(%ld)", reinterpret_cast<long>(retval));
     }
     thread_list.clear();
 
@@ -195,14 +192,10 @@ bool ThreadPoolMan::StartThreads(int count)
     SetExitFlag(false);
     for(int cnt = 0; cnt < count; ++cnt){
         // run thread
-        pthread_t thread;
-        int       result;
-        if(0 != (result = pthread_create(&thread, nullptr, ThreadPoolMan::Worker, static_cast<void*>(this)))){
-            S3FS_PRN_ERR("failed pthread_create with return code(%d)", result);
-            StopThreads();        // if possible, stop all threads
-            return false;
-        }
-        thread_list.push_back(thread);
+        std::promise<int> promise;
+        std::future<int> future = promise.get_future();
+        std::thread thread(ThreadPoolMan::Worker, this, std::move(promise));
+        thread_list.emplace_back(std::move(thread), std::move(future));
     }
     return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/threadpoolman.h b/src/threadpoolman.h
index e8d7d75..3c5d906 100644
--- a/src/threadpoolman.h
+++ b/src/threadpoolman.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #define S3FS_THREADPOOLMAN_H_
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <future>
 #include <list>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@
 //
 // Prototype function
 //
-typedef void* (*thpoolman_worker)(void*);               // same as start_routine for pthread_create function
+typedef void* (*thpoolman_worker)(void*);
 
 //
 // Parameter structure
@@ -53,8 +54,6 @@ struct thpoolman_param
 
 typedef std::list<thpoolman_param> thpoolman_params_t;
 
-typedef std::vector<pthread_t> thread_list_t;
-
 //------------------------------------------------
 // Class ThreadPoolMan
 //------------------------------------------------
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ class ThreadPoolMan
         Semaphore             thpoolman_sem;
 
         std::mutex            thread_list_lock;
-        thread_list_t         thread_list;
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::thread, std::future<int>>> thread_list;
 
         thpoolman_params_t    instruction_list;
 
     private:
-        static void* Worker(void* arg);
+        static void Worker(ThreadPoolMan* psingleton, std::promise<int> promise);
 
         explicit ThreadPoolMan(int count = 1);
         ~ThreadPoolMan();